Overview of the French Revolution's Causes
The French Revolution, beginning in 1789, was triggered by a complex interplay of economic crises, social inequalities, political absolutism, and Enlightenment ideas. These factors created widespread discontent, culminating in the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic. Understanding these causes reveals how long-standing grievances erupted into revolutionary change.
Economic and Financial Pressures
France faced severe financial strain due to costly wars, including the American Revolution, and extravagant royal spending. High taxes burdened the Third Estate (commoners), while the nobility and clergy were largely exempt. Poor harvests in the 1780s led to food shortages and skyrocketing bread prices, exacerbating poverty and fueling riots like the Women's March on Versailles.
Social and Political Inequalities
The rigid class system divided society into three estates: the privileged First (clergy) and Second (nobility), and the overburdened Third Estate, which comprised 98% of the population. Absolutism under Louis XVI denied representation, as the Estates-General hadn't met since 1614. Resentment grew as the bourgeoisie sought political power matching their economic influence.
Influence of Enlightenment Ideas and Global Events
Enlightenment thinkers like Voltaire, Rousseau, and Montesquieu inspired demands for liberty, equality, and fraternity, challenging divine-right monarchy. The American Revolution's success demonstrated that constitutional government was possible, motivating French reformers. These intellectual currents, combined with economic woes, mobilized public opinion against the ancien régime.