What is Photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen. This vital biochemical reaction occurs in chloroplasts and sustains most life on Earth by producing food and releasing oxygen. The core equation is 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
The Role of Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll, the green pigment in chloroplasts, is essential for photosynthesis as it absorbs light energy, primarily blue and red wavelengths, while reflecting green. This absorption excites electrons, initiating the energy conversion process. Without chlorophyll, plants couldn't capture sunlight effectively, halting photosynthesis.
Light-Dependent Reactions
These reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and require light. Chlorophyll absorbs photons, splitting water molecules (photolysis) to release oxygen, protons, and electrons. The electrons generate ATP and NADPH through an electron transport chain, providing energy for the subsequent light-independent reactions.
Overall Importance and Applications
Photosynthesis forms the base of food chains, supports ecosystems, and influences global oxygen levels and carbon cycles. Understanding it aids agriculture, biofuel production, and climate change mitigation by enhancing plant efficiency in capturing CO₂.