Basic Steps for CPR on an Adult
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure to restore blood flow and oxygenation when someone's heart stops. First, ensure the scene is safe, check for responsiveness by tapping the shoulder and shouting, and call emergency services (911). If alone, start CPR immediately; if not, have someone call. Begin with 30 chest compressions: place the heel of one hand on the center of the chest (between nipples), interlock hands, and push hard and fast at a rate of 100-120 compressions per minute, allowing full chest recoil. If trained and willing, follow with 2 rescue breaths after compressions, pinching the nose, tilting the head back, and giving breaths that make the chest rise.
Key Principles of Effective CPR
The core components are compressions to circulate blood, airway management to allow breathing, and minimizing interruptions. Compressions should be at least 2 inches (5 cm) deep for adults, avoiding excessive force that could cause rib fractures. Rescue breaths, if provided, should last about 1 second each without over-inflating the lungs. For untrained rescuers, hands-only CPR (continuous compressions without breaths) is recommended and nearly as effective. Use an AED if available to analyze heart rhythm and deliver shocks as needed.
Practical Example in an Emergency
Imagine finding an unresponsive adult at a public event. After confirming no breathing or pulse, you call 911 and start compressions: kneel beside them, position hands correctly, and compress the chest rhythmically to the beat of 'Stayin' Alive.' After 30 compressions, give 2 breaths if trained, continuing cycles until help arrives or the person responds. In a real scenario like a cardiac arrest during exercise, this immediate action can double survival chances by maintaining vital organ perfusion.
Importance and Variations for Children and Infants
CPR is critical in cardiac arrest, where every minute without it reduces survival by 7-10%. For children (1-8 years), use one or two hands for compressions about 2 inches deep at the same rate, with 30:2 ratio; breaths may require less volume. For infants (under 1 year), use two fingers for 1.5-inch compressions, supporting the head carefully. Always adapt to the victim's size, and professional training ensures confidence, though bystander CPR saves lives even if imperfect.