Overview of Metals, Non-Metals, and Metalloids
Elements in the periodic table are classified into metals, non-metals, and metalloids based on their physical and chemical properties. Metals occupy the majority of the periodic table, typically on the left side, non-metals are on the upper right, and metalloids form a diagonal band separating them. This classification helps predict element behavior in reactions and applications.
Key Properties of Metals
Metals exhibit high electrical and thermal conductivity due to free electrons, making them excellent for wiring and heat transfer. They are malleable and ductile, allowing shaping into sheets or wires, and possess luster, appearing shiny. Most metals are solid at room temperature with high density and melting points, and they tend to lose electrons to form positive ions in chemical reactions.
Key Properties of Non-Metals
Non-metals are generally poor conductors of heat and electricity, often brittle in solid form, and lack luster, appearing dull. They have low density and varying melting points, with many existing as gases or liquids at room temperature like oxygen or bromine. Chemically, non-metals gain electrons to form negative ions, leading to covalent bonding and compounds like acids or bases.
Key Properties of Metalloids and Their Importance
Metalloids, such as silicon and germanium, display hybrid properties: they conduct electricity better than non-metals but less than metals (semiconductors), and can be brittle yet somewhat malleable. These traits make them vital in electronics, like silicon in computer chips. Understanding these properties aids in material selection for industries, from construction (metals) to insulation (non-metals).