Defining Metals
Metals are a class of chemical elements that readily form positive ions (cations) and possess metallic bonds. They are typically found on the left side and center of the periodic table. Characterized by their distinct physical and chemical attributes, metals form the largest category of elements, crucial for countless natural processes and human technologies.
Key Physical Properties of Metals
Physically, metals are known for their characteristic luster (shininess), high density, and solid state at room temperature (with mercury being a notable exception). They are excellent conductors of heat and electricity due to their delocalized electrons. Furthermore, metals are generally malleable (can be hammered into sheets) and ductile (can be drawn into wires) without breaking.
Chemical Behavior and Bonding
Chemically, metals tend to lose electrons to form positive ions in reactions. This electron-donating tendency makes them good reducing agents. Their unique metallic bonding involves a "sea" of delocalized valence electrons shared among a lattice of positive metal ions, which accounts for many of their distinctive properties, such as conductivity and malleability.
Importance and Applications
Metals are indispensable in modern society, forming the backbone of infrastructure, manufacturing, and technology. They are used in construction (steel, aluminum), electronics (copper, gold), transportation (iron, titanium), and countless household items. Their strength, conductivity, and durability make them vital for tools, machinery, coinage, and advanced materials.