Definition of an Ionic Compound
An ionic compound is a chemical compound formed by ionic bonds, which are electrostatic attractions between oppositely charged ions. These typically form when a metal atom transfers one or more electrons to a nonmetal atom, resulting in the formation of positive ions (cations) and negative ions (anions).
Formation and Key Characteristics
Ionic compounds are characterized by the complete transfer of valence electrons from atoms of a metal to atoms of a nonmetal. This transfer creates ions, which are then held together by strong electrostatic forces in a crystal lattice structure. They generally possess high melting and boiling points, and are solid at room temperature.
A Practical Example: Sodium Chloride (Table Salt)
A common example of an ionic compound is sodium chloride (NaCl), or table salt. Sodium (Na), a metal, readily loses one electron to become a positively charged sodium ion (Na+). Chlorine (Cl), a nonmetal, readily gains that electron to become a negatively charged chloride ion (Cl-). These oppositely charged ions then attract each other to form the stable ionic compound NaCl.
Importance and Applications
Ionic compounds are crucial in many areas, from everyday life to industrial processes. They are essential components of many minerals, biological systems, and are widely used in chemical manufacturing, fertilizers, and detergents. Their ability to conduct electricity when dissolved in water or in a molten state also makes them vital in electrochemistry and battery technology.