Definition of Democracy
Democracy is a system of government in which power is vested in the people, who rule either directly or through freely elected representatives. The term originates from the Greek words 'demos' (people) and 'kratos' (rule), literally meaning 'rule by the people.' In practice, it emphasizes equality, participation, and accountability in decision-making processes.
Key Principles of Democracy
Core principles include majority rule with protection of minority rights, free and fair elections, the rule of law, separation of powers, and fundamental freedoms such as speech, assembly, and press. These components ensure that governance reflects the collective will while safeguarding individual liberties and preventing authoritarianism.
Historical Origins: Ancient Athens
Democracy originated in ancient Greece around the 5th century BCE, particularly in Athens, where citizens (adult male freeborn residents) participated directly in assemblies to vote on laws and policies. This direct form contrasted with monarchies and oligarchies of the time, setting a precedent for citizen involvement, though it excluded women, slaves, and foreigners.
Evolution and Modern Applications
From its Athenian roots, democracy evolved through influences like the Roman Republic and Enlightenment thinkers such as John Locke and Montesquieu, leading to representative systems in the modern era. Today, it underpins nations like the United States and India, promoting stability, human rights, and economic growth by enabling peaceful power transitions and diverse societal input.