Definition of Hypertension
Hypertension is a medical condition characterized by persistently high blood pressure in the arteries. It is typically diagnosed when systolic blood pressure is 140 mmHg or higher, or diastolic blood pressure is 90 mmHg or higher, measured on two separate occasions. This elevation forces the heart to work harder to pump blood, potentially leading to complications if untreated.
Primary and Secondary Causes
Hypertension is classified into primary (essential) and secondary types. Primary hypertension, accounting for about 90-95% of cases, has no single identifiable cause but develops gradually due to factors like genetics, age, obesity, high-sodium diet, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, and chronic stress. Secondary hypertension, less common, results from underlying conditions such as kidney disease, adrenal gland disorders, sleep apnea, or certain medications.
Practical Example: Lifestyle-Related Hypertension
Consider a 45-year-old individual with a sedentary job, poor diet high in processed foods, and a family history of heart disease. Over time, these factors contribute to weight gain and elevated blood pressure, illustrating primary hypertension. If undiagnosed, routine check-ups might reveal readings of 150/95 mmHg, prompting lifestyle changes or medical intervention.
Importance and Health Applications
Hypertension is often called a 'silent killer' because it may lack symptoms yet significantly increases risks for heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, and vision loss. Early detection through regular monitoring allows for management via lifestyle modifications, medications like ACE inhibitors, and addressing root causes, ultimately reducing cardiovascular disease burden and improving quality of life.