The Core Distinction: When Translation Occurs
The main difference between a compiler and an interpreter is when they translate source code into machine code. A compiler translates the entire program at once, creating a separate executable file before execution. An interpreter, in contrast, translates and executes the code line by line, in real-time.
Section 2: The Process of Translation
A compiler reads the whole source code and goes through multiple phases (like analysis, optimization, and code generation) to produce a standalone executable file. This file can be run directly by the operating system. An interpreter reads a single line of code, translates it, executes it, and then moves to the next line, repeating this process until the program finishes.
Section 3: A Practical Analogy
Think of translating a book. A compiler is like a professional translator who takes the entire book, translates it into a new language, and gives you a completely translated copy to read anytime. An interpreter is like a live translator at a meeting who listens to one sentence, translates it for you, and then waits for the next sentence.
Section 4: Performance and Common Use Cases
Compiled programs generally run faster because the translation is done beforehand, resulting in optimized machine code. Languages like C++, C, and Rust use compilers. Interpreted programs are often more flexible and easier to debug because errors are reported line by line. Languages like Python, JavaScript, and Ruby are typically interpreted.